The out-of-Africa migrants soon split into different routes, with the tropical coastal route to Australia and Papua New Guinea being the fastest.

Modern human remains at Niah Cave and at Lake Mungo are dated at about 40,000 years ago.

The northern migrants would have encountered harsher conditions: neanderthals, seasons, and a sharply fluctuating climate during the earlier stages of the last Ice Age.

Note that Europeans today do not have M types.